What types of optical splitters are used in the PON system

The most commonly used optical splitters in PON systems are PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) splitters for large splits and FBT (Fused Biconical Taper) splitters for small splits, with configurations li...

What types of optical splitters are used in the PON system

The most commonly used optical splitters in PON systems are PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) splitters for large splits and FBT (Fused Biconical Taper) splitters for small splits, with configurations like 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, and 1:64 widely deployed.

Types of Optical Splitters

1. PLC Splitters: PLC splitters are highly uniform and reliable, making them ideal for large split ratios such as 1:32 or 1:64. They use planar lightwave circuit technology to divide a single optical signal into multiple outputs with minimal loss and consistent power distribution. PLC splitters are commonly housed in ABS boxes, LGX boxes, or tray-type enclosures for both indoor and outdoor deployments, and are widely used in GPON and EPON networks . 2. FBT Splitters: FBT splitters are low-cost, fused fiber devices suitable for small split ratios like 1:2 or 1:4. They are often used in test environments or scenarios where only a few outputs are needed. FBT splitters are less uniform than PLC splitters and are generally not preferred for large-scale FTTH deployments .

Split Ratios

Split ratios define how many output ports a splitter has and how the input optical power is distributed. Common uniform split ratios in PON systems include:

  • 1:8 – often used in dense urban areas or small subscriber clusters
  • 1:16 – standard for medium-sized deployments
  • 1:32 and 1:64 – used in large-scale networks to maximize OLT port utilization

Deployment Architectures

1. Centralized Splitting: A single-stage splitter is placed between the OLT and ONTs, ideal for areas with moderate user density. The structure is typically: OLT → Optical Splitter → ONT . 2. Cascaded (Distributed) Splitting: Multiple stages of splitters are connected in series, e.g., OLT → Splitter 1 → Splitter 2 → ONT. This architecture is suitable for high-density or geographically dispersed networks, allowing flexible expansion and cost optimization .

Form Factors

  • ABS PLC Splitters: Durable for outdoor use, often IP65 rated
  • LGX Box PLC Splitters: Modular, suitable for indoor and outdoor deployments
  • Tray-Type PLC Splitters: Designed for large-scale installations with organized cabling
  • Mini Plug-In PLC Splitters: Compact, ideal for space-constrained environments
  • Bare PLC Splitters: Used in labs or specialized applications, requiring careful handling

Summary

In modern PON systems, PLC splitters dominate large-scale deployments due to their uniformity and reliability, while FBT splitters are reserved for small-scale or testing scenarios. Split ratios like 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, and 1:64 are standard, and deployment can follow centralized or cascaded architectures depending on user density and network design. Choosing the right splitter type, ratio, and form factor ensures efficient, scalable, and cost-effective fiber distribution in FTTH networks.

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