Cuba's high density of cold passages is influenced by its geographic position between the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean, where narrow straits and channels facilitate t...
Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean, stretching 1,250 km in length and 191 km at its widest point, and is surrounded by several key passages including the Windward Passage, Yucatán Channel, and Florida Channel . These narrow straits act as conduits for the exchange of oceanic currents and air masses between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, creating localized zones where cooler waters and cold air can penetrate the island's coastal regions . The island's topography, with flat plains and the Sierra Maestra mountains in the southeast, further influences the flow and concentration of cold air in certain areas .
Cuba experiences Intense Cold Conditions (CFI), particularly in Havana and other northern regions, which are measured using bioclimatic indicators that account for temperature, humidity, and wind intensity . These cold events are generally short-lived but can be intensified by the passage of cold fronts through the island's straits. Statistical analyses show that the persistence of cold conditions decreases as wind gusts increase, indicating that these events are often concentrated around specific passages and coastal areas . Trend studies from 1981–2023 indicate that extreme cold events have shown significant upward trends in Cuba, highlighting the importance of these passages in modulating local climate extremes .
The Windward Passage, located between Cuba and Haiti, and the Florida Channel, between Cuba and the Florida Keys, are particularly important for the movement of cooler Atlantic waters into the Caribbean Sea . Seasonal variability in geostrophic circulation around these passages allows cold water and air to penetrate northern and eastern Cuba, influencing both marine and terrestrial temperatures. During autumn, stronger streams through the western side of the Windward Passage can enhance the inflow of cooler waters, which may contribute to localized cold events along the northern coast .
The high density of cold passages in Cuba affects weather patterns, marine circulation, and bioclimatic conditions, particularly in urban centers like Havana. These passages facilitate the rapid movement of cold air and water, which can amplify thermal stress and influence the frequency and intensity of extreme cold events . Understanding these dynamics is crucial for climate adaptation, urban planning, and disaster preparedness in Cuba .
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