Sudan's energy resources include oil, hydropower, solar, wind, and biomass, with oil and hydropower being the dominant sources for electricity generation.Fossil FuelsOil is Sudan's primary f...
Oil is Sudan's primary fossil fuel resource, with reserves estimated at 1.25 billion barrels as of 2024. Crude oil production has fluctuated over the years, reaching about 57,000 barrels per day in 2023, while domestic consumption was around 128,900 barrels per day. Sudan also exports crude oil, mainly to the United Arab Emirates and Malaysia. Natural gas reserves are estimated at 3 trillion cubic feet, but the country neither produces nor consumes gas commercially, and associated petroleum gas is mostly flared or reinjected. Sudan does not produce or consume coal .
Hydropower is the most significant renewable energy source in Sudan, historically contributing a high share of electricity generation. In 2023, about 68.7% of electricity was generated from hydropower, with a gross theoretical potential of 19 GWh/year . Solar energy has high potential due to strong solar radiation across the country, ranging from 5.5 to 6.8 kWh/m²/day, particularly in the northwestern regions near Egypt, Libya, and Chad. Solar systems are increasingly adopted for public facilities, water supply, and residential use, especially in western and northern regions . Wind energy is also promising, with average wind speeds of 5–7 m/s in most areas and over 8 m/s along the Red Sea coast in the northeast . Biomass remains an important energy source, particularly in rural areas, where traditional fuels such as wood and agricultural residues are widely used. Municipal waste contributes a small portion of bioenergy, with an average generation of 0.20 kg per capita per day .
Sudan's installed electricity generation capacity is approximately 4.5 GW. In 2023, the country produced about 16.75 TWh of electricity, with 29.8% generated from fossil fuels and 1.5% from other renewable sources . Access to electricity is uneven: urban areas, particularly Greater Khartoum, receive nearly half of the national supply, while peripheral regions like Darfur and Kordofan face limited or no access due to damaged infrastructure and ongoing conflict . The national grid has experienced disruptions, with some regions benefiting from consistent power while others, especially in the west and north, rely on off-grid solar systems due to fuel supply interruptions and damaged transmission networks .
Sudan's energy landscape is dominated by oil and hydropower, with significant potential for solar and wind energy. Biomass remains a key source in rural areas. The sector faces challenges including infrastructure damage, uneven electricity access, and underutilization of gas resources. Expanding renewable energy and rebuilding the electricity grid are critical for improving energy security and equitable access across the country .
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<p>Sudan's energy production is characterized by a complex interplay of natural resources and socio-economic challenges.
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