Optical splitters are primarily composed of quartz or silica substrates, optical fibers, and waveguide structures, with variations depending on whether they are FBT or PLC splitters.Fused Biconical Ta...
FBT splitters are made by fusing and tapering two or more optical fibers. The fibers' coating layers are removed, and the fibers are stretched under heat to form a double-cone waveguide structure. This structure allows control of the splitting ratio by adjusting the fiber torsion angle and stretch length. The main materials include quartz substrate, optical fibers, stainless steel tubes, curing glue, and protective gel. FBT splitters are low-cost and adjustable but are wavelength-sensitive and temperature-sensitive, with less uniform spectral performance.
PLC splitters are based on integrated waveguide technology on a silica or quartz substrate. The waveguides are fabricated using photolithography, similar to semiconductor manufacturing, to create precise optical paths. Materials include graded-index silica glass for waveguides, quartz substrate, and protective micro-tubes or packaging materials. PLC splitters provide uniform light distribution, low wavelength-dependent loss, and compact size, making them suitable for high-channel applications. The fabrication process is more complex and requires precise control during design and lithography.
Both types of splitters include input and output fibers, often terminated with connectors or left as bare fibers for splicing. Protective housings, such as stainless steel or micro steel tubes, and curing gels or adhesives are used to stabilize the fibers and waveguides. These components ensure durability, environmental protection, and consistent optical performance.
In essence, the core composition of optical splitters involves:
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